What is Growth and Development? Introduction to Psychology

What is Growth and Development? Introduction to Psychology

For example, walking is one physical milestone most children achieve between 9 and 15 months. If a child is not walking or attempting to walk by introduction of growth and development ۱۶ to 18 months, parents might consider consulting with their family physician to determine if a developmental issue might be present. People facing such issues might seek the assistance of a developmental psychologist to build healthier relationships and combat emotional difficulties. At this age, kids often test limits and explore new identities as they question who they are and who they want to be. Developmental psychologists can help support teens as they deal with some of the challenging issues unique to the adolescent period, including puberty, emotional turmoil, and social pressure.

While all four principles should be taken into account, there may be times when there is a conflict between the principles. For example; what is best for society might not respect the dignity of persons and people. In this situation, more weight should be given to Principle 1 than Principle 4 in order to make an ethical decision. In 1925, Professor Edward Alexander Bott established the St. George’s School for Child Study at the University of Toronto, which would eventually come to be known as The Institute for Child Study. It has been and continues to be, highly influential in developing Ontario’s early childcare and education system.

The author starts out with a comprehensive overview of Child Development in the Introduction. The principles of development were delineated and were thoroughly presented in a very understandable way. Nine theories were presented which gave the reader an understanding of the many authors who have contributed to Child Development.

Issues of Concern

Middle childhood is a time of understanding concepts such as size, distance, and constancy of matter, and cause and effect relationships. A child knows that a scrambled egg is still an egg and that 8 ounces of water is still 8 ounces no matter what shape of glass contains it. Theories also explore cognitive development and how mental processes change over time. Caregivers are also transformed from someone who manages feeding and sleep schedules to a constantly moving guide and safety inspector for a mobile, energetic child. While foraging, Aché mothers carry their young children, rarely putting them down in order to protect them from getting hurt in the forest.

Coping With a Developmental Diagnosis

After studying all of the prior theories, Bronfenbrenner added an important element of context to the discussion of influences on human development. During the sensorimotor stage children rely on use of the senses and motor skills. From birth until about age 2, the infant knows by tasting, smelling, touching, hearing, and moving objects around. The phallic stage occurs in early childhood and marks the development of the superego and a sense of masculinity or femininity as culture dictates.

One of the benefits of having forced-choice items is that each response is coded so that the results can be quickly entered and analyzed using statistical software. The analysis takes much longer when respondents give lengthy responses that must be analyzed in a different way. Surveys are useful in examining stated values, attitudes, opinions, and reporting on practices. However, they are based on self-report or what people say they do rather than on observation and this can limit accuracy. Experiments are designed to test hypotheses (or specific statements about the relationship between variables) in a controlled setting in efforts to explain how certain factors or events produce outcomes. Concepts are operationalized or transformed into variables in research, which means that the researcher must specify exactly what is going to be measured in the study.

Anthropometry is the gold standard by which clinicians can assess nutritional status. The major anthropometric measurements for age up to 2 years are weight, length, weight for length, and head circumference. The major measurements used for children above two years are weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and head circumference for the 2-3 years age group.

1. Included several different references to diversity in the chapters.
2. Sequential research involves combining aspects of the previous two techniques; beginning with a cross-sectional sample and measuring them through time.
3. ” or “Why are some fifth graders rejected by their classmates?
4. Another psychologist named Lev Vygotsky proposed a seminal learning theory that has gone on to become very influential, especially in the field of education.

Child Growth and Development Canadian Ed

Researchers are to be aware of their own biases and assumptions, acknowledge them and bracket them in efforts to keep them from limiting accuracy in reporting. Your findings can then be used by others as they explore the area of interest and through this process a literature or knowledge base is established. Early childhood is also referred to as the preschool years and consists of the years which follow toddlerhood and precede formal schooling.

Others, such as the behaviorists, Vygotsky, and information processing theorists, assume development is a more slow and gradual process known as continuous development. The broad developmental stages covered include, in order, birth and the newborn, infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence. Starting with the infancy and toddlerhood stage, physical, cognitive, and social emotional development are covered. Freud’s theory has been heavily criticized for several reasons. How can parenting in infancy be traced to personality in adulthood? Are there other variables that might better explain development?

Each developmental domain within each age category has easy to follow information. The book also includes mini-lectures and powerpoint presentations to support the reading material. Every clinician and nurse managing pediatric patients should have appropriate awareness of referral service to early intervention for eligible patients. Interprofessional collaboration between clinicians, mid-level practitioners, and nurses can improve patient outcomes as developmental delays require prompt intervention when caught, and earlier is always better. For example, in order to understand a student in math, we can’t simply look at that individual and what challenges they face directly with the subject.

A piece of good working knowledge and the skills to evaluate growth and development are necessary for any patient’s diagnostic workup. The early recognition of growth or developmental failure helps for effective intervention in managing a patient’s problem. In 1892, James Mark Baldwin was appointed the first social scientist at the University of Toronto where he set up Canada’s first psychological research laboratory. Baldwin proposed a social psychological perspective in studying child development and believed that development occurs in stages.